Enjoy Mathematical Treasures!

Read about Mathematical Treasures in the December 2012/January 2013 issue of MAA FOCUS, the newsmagazine of the Mathematical Association of America. 

Lilavati of Bhaskara

This is a page from a manuscript of the Lilavati of Bhaskara II (1114-1185).  This manuscript dates from 1650.  The rule for the problem illustrated here is in verse 151, while the problem itself is in verse 152:

151:  The square of the pillar is divided by the distance between the snake and its hole; the result is subtracted from the distance between the snake and its hole.  The place of meeting of the snake and the peacock is separated from the hole by a number of hastas equal to half that difference.

152:  There is a hole at the foot of a pillar nine hastas high, and a pet peacock standing on top of it.  Seeing a snake returning to the hole at a distance from the pillar equal to three times its height, the peacock descends upon it slantwise.  Say quickly, at how many hastas from the hole does the meeting of their two paths occur? (It is assumed here that the speed of the peacock and the snake are equal.) 

These verses and much else from the Lilavati may be found in Kim Plofker, "Mathematics in India", in Victor Katz, ed., The Mathematics of Egypt, Mesopotamia, China, India, and Islam: A Sourcebook   (Princeton:  Princeton University Press, 2007), pp. 385-514.

Lilavati of Bhaskara

Francesco Ghaligai's Practica D'Arithmetica

                   

These pages are from the 1552 edition of the Practica d'Arithmetica of Francesco Ghaligai (d. 1536). On these pages, Ghaligai proposes a new notation for powers of the unknown. Notice on the left hand page that his notation for the second power (censo) is just a square, but the other notations never caught on with other authors. On the right hand page, Ghaligai illustrates the notation by calculating the powers of 2 up to the fifteenth power.

Practica d'Arithmetica was originally published in 1521, but this printing, like several other printings, is identical with the original. Its intended audience was merchants, so there are many practical problems dealing with issues of trade.  In the sections on algebra, Ghaligai introduces his own notation.

Francesco Ghaligai's Practica D'Arithmetica